HIPAA Safeguards: Addressable Does Not Mean Optional
The HIPAA Security Rule labels specifications Required or Addressable. Addressable means assess, then implement or document why not…
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NIS2 Management Liability: Three Duties on Named People
NIS2 Article 20 makes management approve, oversee and be liable for cybersecurity measures — and Article 32(5) can…
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Bridge Letter: What It Covers, and What It Does Not
A SOC 2 bridge letter is written by management, not the auditor, and nothing in it is tested.…
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Complementary User Entity Controls: The Half You Must Do
A SOC 2 report lists controls the provider assumes you operate. Nobody tests them. How to extract, own…
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Prohibited AI Practices: Article 5 Is Already In Force
The EU AI Act's eight prohibited AI practices have applied since 2 February 2025, with fines up to…
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Third-Party Risk Management: One Inventory, Four Regimes
DORA, NIS2, ISO 27001 and sector schemes ask about the same suppliers in different formats. Build one inventory…
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Register of Information: What DORA Article 28(3) Requires
DORA's register of information carries four obligations, and the forward-looking ones get missed. All arrangements, prescribed templates, and…
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Data Protection Officer: When Article 37 Makes One Mandatory
A DPO is mandatory in three cases, and all of them turn on core activities. What Article 38…
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International Data Transfers: Chapter V in Priority Order
GDPR Chapter V has a strict order: adequacy, then safeguards, then situational derogations. Why the last route is…
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Data Subject Access Request: The Copy Is Only Half of It
Article 15 asks for the data plus eight further items. The extension you must claim inside month one,…
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Breach Notification: Two Thresholds, Two Clocks
GDPR breach notification is not one 72-hour rule. Two thresholds, two audiences, phased notification, and the log you…
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Legitimate Interests Assessment: The Test and the Trap
A legitimate interests assessment has three parts, one hard exclusion, and an Article 21 consequence most teams miss…
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